Over Voltage: When the voltage in a power system rises above its rated or nominal value (beyond the safe operating limit), it is called over voltage.
Reasons:
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Lightning surges (direct strikes or induced surges).
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Switching surges (sudden disconnection of load or switching of lines).
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Sudden load rejection (large load turned off quickly).
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Fault conditions (single-line-to-ground fault in an ungrounded system).
- Poor voltage regulation by transformers or generators.
Under Voltage: When the voltage in a power system falls below its rated or nominal value (below the safe operating limit), it is called under voltage.
Causes:
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Overloaded circuits (drawing more current than supply capacity).
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Voltage drop in long transmission or distribution lines.
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Fault conditions (short circuits).
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Poor tap settings in transformers.
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Weak generation or supply shortage in the power grid.
1. Arduino UNO (or Nano)
2. Voltage Sensor Module (ZMPT101B for AC voltage sensing)
3. Relay Module (5V, single channel)
4. 16×2 LCD Display (with I2C module recommended)
5. Push Buttons (for control/reset)
6. AC Power Supply (230V)
7. Load (fan, bulb, etc.)
8. 5V Power Supply (for Arduino + relay + LCD)
Connection:
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